• ○ African History Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on African history: how historians use oral tradition, archaeology and language, the kingdoms of Kush and Aksum, the Bantu expansion, the empires of the Sahel, the Swahili coast and Great Zimbabwe, the Atlantic slave trade's effects on Africa, colonial conquest and rule, and independence and its aftermath. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ American Revolution Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the American Revolution: colonial society and the imperial crisis, the protests of 1764 to 1775, the ideas of Locke, republicanism and Paine, the Declaration of Independence, the war and its global side, Loyalists, women and the home front, slavery and the revolution's contradictions, and the road from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution and Bill of Rights, with its legacy abroad. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Ancient Egypt Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on ancient Egypt: the Nile and the rise of the state, kingship and government, the pyramid age, the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos, the New Kingdom empire and Akhenaten's reforms, religion and the afterlife, writing and daily life, and Egypt's later history, rediscovery and contested heritage. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Ancient Mesopotamia Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on ancient Mesopotamia: geography and sources, the first cities, cuneiform writing, the Sumerian city-states, the empires of Akkad and Ur, Hammurabi's Babylon, the Assyrian empire, and Neo-Babylonian Babylon and the region's legacy. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Ancient Rome Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on ancient Rome: its founding stories and republican institutions, expansion and the Punic Wars, citizenship and slavery, the fall of the Republic, Augustus and the Principate, daily life, law and engineering, Christianity and the empire, and the debates over Rome's decline and legacy. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Atlantic Slave Trade and Abolition Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Atlantic slave trade and abolition: the origins of the Atlantic system, African states and the trade, the Middle Passage, slavery in the Americas, debates over profit and race, the abolition movement, emancipation across the Atlantic world, and legacies including memory, reparations and modern slavery. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Byzantine Empire Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the founding of Constantinople, the reign of Justinian and Theodora, the empire's survival against Persians and Arabs, iconoclasm, Byzantine missions to the Slavs, the Macedonian revival and the crises of the eleventh century, the sacks of 1204 and 1453, and the Byzantine legacy in law, learning and faith. 1 holder 1 course
• ○ Civil Rights Movement Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the American Civil Rights Movement: Jim Crow and disfranchisement, early activism and the NAACP, the legal campaign to Brown v. Board of Education, the Montgomery bus boycott and the movement's organizations, sit-ins and Freedom Rides, Birmingham and the March on Washington, Freedom Summer and the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts, and Black Power, Northern struggles and the movement's legacy. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Cold War Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Cold War: its origins after 1945, containment and a divided Europe, the nuclear arms race and the Cuban Missile Crisis, proxy wars in Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan, decolonization and non-alignment, life and dissent behind the Iron Curtain, the space race and cultural rivalry, and the end of the conflict from 1989 to 1991. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Decolonization Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on decolonization: why European empires fell after 1945, the negotiations and wars that ended them in Asia, the Middle East and Africa, the ideas of liberation and the international law of self-determination, and the legacies independence left behind. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ First World War Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the First World War: the July Crisis and the debate over its causes, the Western Front and trench warfare, industrial weapons, the war in the east, the Middle East and Africa, total war on the home front, the revolutions and American entry of 1917, the end of the fighting in 1918, and the peace settlement and how the war is remembered. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ French Revolution Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the French Revolution: the old regime and its fiscal crisis, the events of 1789 and the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the constitutional monarchy, war and the Republic, the Terror, Thermidor, the Directory and Napoleon's rise, women in the revolution, and the debates over its legacy. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Haitian Revolution Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on colonial Saint-Domingue and its slave society, the impact of the French Revolution, the uprising of 1791, Toussaint Louverture and the abolition of slavery, Napoleon's war and its defeat, Haitian independence and its aftermath, the world's response including the 1825 indemnity, and the revolution's legacy for universal rights. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ History of Artificial Intelligence Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on early dreams of thinking machines, Turing and the founding of AI, symbolic AI and early neural networks, the AI winters and expert systems, the rise of machine learning, the deep learning revolution, transformers and large language models, and AI's recent breakthroughs, risks and regulation. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ History of India Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the history of India: the Indus civilization, the Vedic age and the debates over its origins, the Mauryas and Ashoka, the Gupta age, medieval kingdoms and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, Company and Crown rule, and the independence movement, Partition and the founding of the republic. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ History of Japan Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the history of Japan: Jomon and Yayoi origins, the classical court and Buddhism, the rise of the samurai, the warring states and unification, the Tokugawa peace, the Meiji transformation, empire and war, and the occupation and modern Japan. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Imperial China Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on imperial China: the Shang and Zhou and the Mandate of Heaven, Qin unification, Han government and the Silk Road, the examination system and scholar-officials, Tang and Song cities and inventions, the Mongol Yuan and the Ming voyages of Zheng He, Qing expansion, and the nineteenth-century crisis that ended the empire in 1912. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Islamic Golden Age Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Islamic Golden Age: the early caliphates and the Abbasid world, Baghdad and the translation movement, mathematics, astronomy and medicine, philosophy and theology, al-Andalus and its limits, paper, trade and cities, the Mongol sack of Baghdad and the debate over decline, and the passage of Arabic learning into Europe. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Latin American History Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on Latin American history: the Maya, Mexica and Inca, the conquest and the Columbian exchange, colonial society and the debate over native rights, slavery in Brazil and the Caribbean, the wars of independence, caudillos and the export economy, US intervention and the Mexican and Cuban revolutions, and the age of dictatorship and the return of democracy. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Library of Alexandria Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the founding of the library and Museum of Alexandria, how its collection was gathered, the scholarship and science done there, its multicultural setting, the real and legendary accounts of its decline, and how ancient knowledge was lost and preserved. 1 holder 1 course
• ○ Magna Carta Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on Norman and Angevin England, the crisis of King John's reign, the rebellion of 1215 and the sealing of Magna Carta, its main clauses and their limits, its annulment and reissues, its reinterpretation in the seventeenth century, its influence in America and worldwide, and its legacy for due process and the rule of law. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Medieval Europe Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on medieval Europe: the kingdoms that followed Rome and the debate over the Dark Ages, Charlemagne and the Vikings, lordship and the argument over feudalism, manor and village life, monasteries and church reform, the Crusades from several perspectives, towns, guilds and universities, and the Black Death and the crises of the late Middle Ages. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Mongol Empire Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Mongol Empire: steppe society and its sources, the rise of Temujin, the Mongol state and army, the conquests of Chinggis Khan and his heirs, the four khanates, exchange and plague across Eurasia, and the empire's decline and contested legacy. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Nuremberg Trials Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Allied decision to try Nazi leaders, the London Charter and its new crimes, the defendants, judges and prosecutors, the evidence, the defense arguments, the judgment and sentences, the later trials and the Nuremberg Code, and the trials' legacy for international criminal justice. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Ottoman Empire Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Ottoman Empire: its frontier origins, Mehmed II and the imperial idea, Suleiman's age, the devshirme, Janissaries and timar system, life among many faiths, the debate over decline, nineteenth-century reform and nationalism, the Armenian genocide and the empire's end. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Printing Revolution Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on manuscript culture and early printing in Asia, Gutenberg's invention, the spread of printing in Europe, its role in the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution, censorship and the struggle for a free press, print's effects on language and society, and lessons for the digital age. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Reformation Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Reformation: the late medieval church and its critics, Luther and justification by faith, Zwingli and the Anabaptists, Calvin and Geneva, the English Reformation, the Catholic Reformation and the Council of Trent, the wars of religion, and the legacies for toleration, literacy and the state. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Renaissance Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the meaning and origins of the Renaissance, Petrarch and humanism, Florence and the Medici, perspective and the new art, the High Renaissance, Machiavelli and Renaissance politics, the Northern Renaissance, and the period's legacy and limits for ideas of human dignity. 1 holder 1 course
• ○ Russian Revolution Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Russian Revolution: the tsarist autocracy and the emancipation of the serfs, the revolutionary movements and the Bolshevik and Menshevik split, the revolution of 1905, the war and the fall of the monarchy in February 1917, the Bolshevik seizure of power in October, the Constituent Assembly and the civil war, Kronstadt, the New Economic Policy and Stalin's rise, and the historians' debate over the revolution's legacy. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Second World War Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Second World War: its roots and the appeasement debate, the war in Europe and on the Eastern Front, the Pacific war and Japan's empire, the Holocaust, home fronts, occupation and resistance, the war's end and the atomic bombings, and the postwar order. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Silk Roads Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the Silk Roads: the oasis routes and their geography, Han and Roman beginnings, Sogdian merchants and desert documents, the spread of religions, Tang Chang'an and Dunhuang, the maritime routes, the Mongol era and the Black Death, and the legacy and modern uses of the Silk Road idea. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Sparta and the 300 Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on Spartan origins and the conquest of Messenia, the Spartan constitution, the agoge, the helots and Spartan women, the Persian Wars, the Battle of Thermopylae, Sparta's victory and decline, and the Spartan legend in later history. 0 holders 1 course
• ○ Trial of Socrates Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on Athens after the Peloponnesian War, the life and method of Socrates, the charges and procedure of his trial, his defense, the historical debate over its causes, his refusal to escape, his death, and the trial's legacy for free inquiry and conscience. 1 holder 1 course
• ○ Women's Suffrage Foundations
  Completed the introductory course on the global history of women's suffrage: the early arguments for and against women's votes, Seneca Falls and the American split, the British suffragists and suffragettes, the first victories in the American West, New Zealand, Australia and Finland, the Nineteenth Amendment, the worldwide wave of the twentieth century, and what the vote changed. 0 holders 1 course

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